Flashcards - 5

Verbs:

Types of verbs : transitive, intransitive,auxiliary and linking verbs

Transitive Verbs : the verb answers 'what' or 'whom'
Intransitive Verbs : describe actions but are not followed by direct objects or complements; followed by prepositional phrases
Linking Verbs: followed with subj complements(words/phrases/clauses that rename/describe subj); they describe conditions and not actions
Auxiliary Verbs: do not appear alone in a sentence but accompany other verbs . Eg, have, to be ,can, might and would; often modifiers appear in between and auxiliary verb and the rest of the verb phrase but are no a part of the verb phrase. Eg.,he has always liked music

Verb Tenses:
BASIC TENSES
1.Present Tense : describe actions that take place at the same time as they are being described.
2.Past Tense : describe actions/conditions that took place at a time before they are described
3.Future Tense : describe actions that will take place after they are described; it is created by adding 'will' to the basic form of the main verb

PERFECT TENSES
The Perfect tenses are used to describe how an event in the present ,past or future continues to be relevant at a later time.
---Mario has arrived home
1.Present Perfect : describes events that started in the past and continue
into the present
It is formed by using have/has with the past participle of the main verb
2.Past Perfect : describes an event in the past and shows that it was still relevant at a later time
Ex. Mario had arrived home when his mother walked in
It is formed by using had with the PP of the main verb
3.Future Perfect : describes an event in the future and shows its relevance to another event in the future
Ex.He will have arrived home when she walks in
It is formed by using will have with the PP of the main verb

PROGRESSIVE TENSES
This form combines the auxilliary verbs be,have and will with the present participle(ing form). It emphasizes that the event is in progress(either in the pres,past or future).


SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

• subj and verb must agree in gender and number
• try to avoid the words that come betn a subj and verb(modifiers)
• cross out prepositional phrases
• verbs in compound sentences are usually plural
• in sentences beginning with here,there or where the verb comes first. so invert the sentence to locate the subj
• most indef pronouns are singular
• SANAM pronouns are sing or plural depending on the noun they refer to
• collective nouns,team,morgan associates,aundience etc are always singular

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

• Subj--------->verb--------->Obj     (Active Voice)
• Subj is obj of action <---------Verb   (Passive Voice)
• use passive voice only to focus on the target of an action

MOOD

• 3 types of mood: Indicative,Imperative and Subjuntive
• mood is the use of verbs to indicate a person's attitude toward what he or she is saying
• Indicative:verbs state facts or ask questions. Writers suggest that their statements are true. Most sentences fall in this category. Eg. A dream is what our sub conscious state of mind feels while asleep.
• Imperative: used for requests and commands. Eg, Girls,stay off the grass! ; Henry, do not trample my flowers
• Subjuntive:in this mood,writers suggest that the sentences/statements are not true although the writers wished that they were. VErbs in this mood express desire,request or suggestion, or indicate hypothetical conditions.

       Eg.If I were rich, I would live in Hawaii.
       Similar sentences can be expressed using auxilliary  verbs could,might,ought,should and would.
      The verbs would and could are known as conditional forms as they tell what would be true in imagined situations.   Eg. If I had a high paying job, I would live in Hawaii
                                                      Subj                                  Cond
If the condition described is not hypothetical then the indicative mood is used. Eg. When I retire,I will live in Hawaii.
Expressions with the words  as though and as if introduce verbs in subj mood

• Verbs that express commands or requests in the indicative mood,are often followed by subj verb forms.Among them are ask,demand,insist,recommend,request and require. Eg, The man at the gas station asked that Roland pull up closer to the pump. Eg. She insists that she be excused today from attending office
• Present Subjunctive: VErbs appear in basic form. Eg. I suggest that he fill the application now     
• Past Subj:used for imaginary or hypothetical situations. Eg I wish I knew how to dance 
• The verb be : is used in the same form (be) in suggestions and requirements; were(past participle of be) is used in desires and imaginary situations Eg. If I were her, I would go today